Regarding Tischendorf's role in the transfer to Saint Petersburg, there are several views. Replies. Those who demonetize the Sinaiticus try to make it sound like the whole codex was just discarded in the trash to be burned; this claim is false. By that year, of course, Codex Sinaiticus had already wreaked its havoc, and the intended damage to Bible scholarship - as well as the Bible's reputation and Authority! Mark 10:40 ητοιμασται υπο του πατρος μου (instead of ητοιμασται) – the first corrector marked "υπο του πατρος μου" as doubtful, but the second corrector removed the mark. [106][107], In the early 20th century Vladimir Beneshevich (1874–1938) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai. While the word 'forgery' has been bandied about among scholars regarding the claims on the Sinaiticus by Tischendorf, perhaps a more accurate rendering would be recollation and 'adjusted' restoration as Simonides, an expert on hieroglyphics which are represented throughout the Sinaiticus. Discussions from either side need to avoid ad hominem comments that attack the person rather than his or her methodology, presuppositions, or statements of plain and clear factual error. Resolution of the matter was delayed through the turbulent reign of Archbishop Cyril (consecrated 7 December 1859, deposed 24 August 1866), and the situation only formalised after the restoration of peace.[125]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, "Die Funde der Mönche vom Sinai" (Engl. A lot of us will be absolutely unaware that there are debates within Christian circles about whether the Codex Sinaiticus could possibly be a forgery. [n 1], Throughout the New Testament of Sinaiticus the words are written continuously in the style that comes to be called "biblical uncial" or "biblical majuscule". said, ‘I’d like to give this to you as a present. [110] After coming to Britain it was examined by Skeat and Milne using an ultra-violet lamp. John 1:34 – It reads ὁ ἐκλεκτός (chosen one) together with the manuscripts [49], It is the oldest witness for the phrase μη αποστερησης (do not defraud) in Mark 10:19. A review of ‘The Forging of Codex Sinaiticus’ – Updated A critical review of Dr W.R. Cooper’s thesis in his book ‘The Forging of Codex Sinaiticus‘ The review demonstrates that Dr Cooper’s thesis that Codex Sinaiticus was produced in the nineteenth century is a classic conspiracy theory, and without foundation. And so saying, he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. Until Constantin von Tischendorf's discovery of the Sinaiticus text in 1844, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled.[2]. With the very last of the 43 leaves being the Esther colophon. Codex B and D do not include this passage. This is a much needed book about how the world was duped into believing that one of the precious "ancient" manuscripts that was adored by Brooke Westcott, Fenton Hort, Eugene Nida, and Bruce Metzger is actually a 19th century forgery. Is the Codex SINAITICUS a Forgery ? 43 leaves. Tischendorf wanted to obscure the fact that he had stolen five intact quires from the manuscript. [121], Prior to 1 September 2009, the University of the Arts London PhD student, Nikolas Sarris, discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery. [14] (Tischendorf himself thought that the parchment had been made from antelope skins, but modern microscopic examination has shown otherwise.) It was the full-sized black and white facsimile of the manuscript, "made from negatives taken from St. Petersburg by my wife and myself in the summer of 1908".[92]. Let us remove these boulders from the field [67] Gardthausen[68] Ropes and Jellicoe thought it was written in Egypt. It is the only uncial manuscript with the complete text of the New Testament, and the only ancient manuscript of the New Testament written in four columns per page which has survived to the present day. [77] Scribe A's was a "worse type of phonetic error". [13], The folios are made of vellum parchment primarily from calf skins, secondarily from sheep skins. Весь священный текст писан в четыре и два столбца стихомерным образом и так слитно, как будто одно длинное речение тянется от точки до точки." The following nomina sacra are written in abbreviated forms: ΘΣ ΚΣ ΙΣ ΧΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙΚΟΣ ΥΣ ΑΝΟΣ ΟΥΟΣ ΔΑΔ ΙΛΗΜ ΙΣΡΛ ΜΗΡ ΠΗΡ ΣΩΡ. Simonides claimed the false nature of the document in The Manchester Guardian in an exchange of letters among scholars and others, at the time. On 4 February, he had resolved to return home without having gained his object: On the afternoon of this day I was taking a walk with the steward of the convent in the neighbourhood, and as we returned, towards sunset, he begged me to take some refreshment with him in his cell. modern critical theory, Codex Sinaiticus is a complete fraud and a creation of the 19th century. [85], German Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript. [118], More than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at The Codex Sinaiticus Website on 24 July 2008. And he stops him, and he goes, you know, ‘This freakish guy from Europe "withdrawn his error" - withdraw==========Steven AveryAsheville, NC, James, You never cease to amaze me! Along with Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most valuable manuscripts for establishing the original text -see textual criticism - of the Greek New Testament, as well as the Septuagint. Without a hint of baskets or saving from fire or even any involvement of the monks. [62] According to David C. Parker the full codex has about 23,000 corrections. Steven, I see what you mean. ==========="according to Simonides, is how its pages turned up there in a basket in 1844" - the basket story was a total fabrication. on the Greek, With all this in the background, we shall test Simonides’ Her blog-piece was quite informative, but unfortunately left the matter incomplete. Not every scholar and Church minister was delighted about the codex. At this point it has become a remarkable and exceptional case of dishonesty and railing accusation and strikes at the heart of real discourse. These two variants do not exist in any other manuscript, and it seems they were made by a scribe. Tischendorf probably interpreted the different formatting as indicating the existence of another scribe. Steven AverySART - Sinaiticus Authenticity Research Team, The title of the post has a major error. Multiple pages of the codex appear in Skeat and Milne's 1938 book, "Scribes and Correctors of Codex Sinaiticus," one of the earliest full treatments of the subject. Here are more reasons why:In 1844, Tischendorf wrote to his wife only that the leaves had come into his possession (a type of thieve's description). Simonides also claimed his father had died and the invitation to Mt. Bridge for sale. If the gutters between the columns were removed, the text block would mirror the page's proportions. [52], In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνεύματος (through water and blood and spirit) together with the manuscripts: Codex Alexandrinus, 104, 424c, 614, 1739c, 2412, 2495, ℓ 598m, syrh, copsa, copbo, Origen. The Sinaiticus Manuscript was allegedly a copy of a gnostic text made by Constantin Simonides in the 1830s, written on antique vellum as a gift to the Russian Tsar.Simonides wrote to the Guardian newspaper a number of times claiming authorship of the work.The translators of the 1881 Revised Standard Version which was based on the forgery were predictably unimpressed, and Simonides' … are throwing away their books in a small dumpster. (This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. In Luke 11:4 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ (, Scribe A wrote most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Testament, almost the whole of the New Testament, and the Epistle of Barnabas, Scribe B was responsible for the Prophets and for the Shepherd of Hermas, Scribe D wrote the whole of Tobit and Judith, the first half of 4 Maccabees, the first two-thirds of the Psalms, and the first five verses of Revelation. Errata above: James has it as 172,not 176. [17] Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules). {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery (1907, 1908, 1911) but does not tell when or from which book these were recovered. The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt. [126], Along with Codex Vaticanus, the Codex Sinaiticus is considered one of the most valuable manuscripts available, as it is one of the oldest and likely closer to the original text of the Greek New Testament. Codex Sinaiticus is a Greek version of parts of the Old Testament (basically the Septuagint, which is corrupt in and by itself), parts of the New Testament (again corrupted), and parts of the Apocrypha (clearly not Scripture). In John 1:1–8:38 Codex Sinaiticus differs from Vaticanus and all other Alexandrian manuscripts. Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most important books in the world. PAGES of the Codex SINAITICUS. [101][102] Constantin von Tischendorf, who worked with numerous Bible manuscripts, was known as somewhat flamboyant, and had ambitiously sought money from several royal families for his ventures, who had indeed funded his trips. Are you saying Codex Sinaiticus is NOT a fake?? Alan E. Kurschner, December 12, 2013 Of these folios, 199 belong to the Old Testament, including the apocrypha (deuterocanonical), and 147½ belong to the New Testament, along with two other books, the Epistle of Barnabas and part of The Shepherd of Hermas. "Digitizing the Hand-Written Bible: The Codex Sinaiticus, its History and Modern Presentation", Skeat, T. C. (2000). The parchment was prepared for writing lines, ruled with a sharp point. [75] D distinguished between sacral and nonsacral using of ΚΥΡΙΟΣ. one Russian site, the National Library has the error as well. Simonides had a somewhat obscure history, as he claimed he was at Mt. Geburtstag (Berlin, c. 1961); for an account that includes a hitherto unknown receipt given by Tischendorf to the authorities at the monastery promising to return the manuscript from Saint Petersburg 'to the Holy Confraternity of Sinai at its earliest request'. The Vatican could now afford to be lax and allow the codex to be published for all to see. Над словами нет придыханий и ударений, а речения не отделяются никакими знаками правописания кроме точек. ): This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 15:29. Anybody wishing to read the results of the tests should refer to the book written by the researchers who did the analysis: the Keepers of the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum (Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus, H. J. M. Milne and T. C. Skeat, British Museum, London, 1938). the night cold,” he writes, “I sat down at once to transcribe the Epistle of in their closets. [91] [53][n 3] Bart D. Ehrman says this was a corrupt reading from a proto-orthodox scribe,[54] although this conclusion has not gained wide support. "[94] He conveyed it to Tsar Alexander II, who appreciated its importance and had it published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting. New Testament manuscripts papyri • uncials • minuscules • lectionaries Uncial 01 Book of Esther “Any “scholar” who can’t even get this story straight is not really worth reading, to be honest.When in fact, James White has not got this story straight for over 30+ years! The codex is a historical treasure. Some 800 of the original 1,400 handwritten vellum pages remain. Well, I have a degree in film production and have engaged with photography for something like 35 years. It is not supported by any other manuscript. [93], After some negotiations, he obtained possession of this precious fragment. [104] The controversy seems to regard the misplaced use of the word 'fraud' or 'forgery' since it may have been a repaired text, a copy of the Septuagint based upon Origen's Hexapla, a text which has been rejected for centuries because of its lineage from Eusebius who introduced Arian doctrine into the courts of Constantine I and II. This is really interesting, here we have a debate between two Christians on the authenticity of the Codex Sinaiticus. And the basket was not referenced by Simonides (which is what your quote says). In 1869 the Tsar sent the monastery 7,000 rubles and the monastery of Mount Tabor 2,000 rubles by way of compensation. Amazing. The codex has almost 4,000,000 uncial letters. In 1862 Simonides published in English journals his claim to have written the Codex Sinaiticus, which the scholar Constantine von Tischendorf had discovered at Mount Sinai some years earlier and maintained had been be written during the 4th century C.E. And I don't believe James Snapp has any special animus involving James Whites. Only 300 years away from the original manuscripts of the New Testament, it is highly important and considered … Stanley Porter also, in his book.Academia.edu also needs correction:Sinaiticus and Simonideshttps://www.academia.edu/32044905/Sinaiticus_and_SimonidesNow, if you can only move a bit out of the textual criticism mentality to really look at the fullness of historical and material evidences, then you can consider more real issues, rather than emphasizing pseudo-issues. [9] The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically, in only two columns per page. Her blog-piece was quite informative, but unfortunately left the matter incomplete.I would like to bring our members' attention to more evidence useful for evaluating the claim that Constantine Simonides forged codex Aleph. The codex is currently regarded by the monastery as having been stolen. 43 sheets = 172 pages.What you want is 86 pages, or 43 folia, or 43 leaves.In Feb, above, I had left you the url that would help you get this right.Quires - Sheets - Folia - Pages (recto and versa)http://www.purebibleforum.com/showthread.php?499-Quires-Sheets-Folia-Pages-(recto-and-versa)&p=995#post995. - was now done, so any objections to its many signs of forgery would come far too late anyway. Modern textual critics and Bible translators accept Codex Sinaiticus as an ancient text - considered the oldest extant complete New Testament Bible manuscript. The colophons were needed for the aggressive early dating push. [111], In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments. It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1:10. Kirsopp Lake wrote: Those who have had much to do with Oriental monks will understand how improbable it is that the terms of the arrangement, whatever it was, were ever known to any except a few of the leaders.[98]. Coincidences abound. [n 4]. : "The findings of the monks from the Sinai"), 05-11-1983, No. [79] Milne and Skeat have observed that the superscription to 1 Maccabees was made by scribe D, while the text was written by scribe A. The codex dated at least to the 4th or 5th century. And he RF, In May of 1844, the textual critic Constantine Tischendorf visited Saint Catherine’s Monastery on, That, at least, is the way Tischendorf tells the tale, in a Skeat, T. C. (2000). Even before the Before and After colouring. In this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old. Oh, and not a word missing from the New Testament! And, when the full Tischendorf story was unraveled, even have suffered from heavy use century after century. And James White and his AOMIN staff have simply censored and ignored the many attempts to request a simple correction, whether made in private or public. If we accept the statement of Uspensky, that he saw the codex in 1845, the monks must have worked very hard to complete their search and bind up the results in so short a period. [15][16] The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order: the four Gospels, the epistles of Paul (Hebrews follows 2 Thess. We know from Uspensky that the ms was whole. According to Hort, it was written in the West, probably in Rome, as suggested by the fact that the chapter division in the Acts of the Apostles common to Sinaiticus and Vaticanus occurs in no other Greek manuscript, but is found in several manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate. See Ihor Ševčenko, "New Documents on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus", published in the journal, Letters of Constantine Simonides, Grolier Library, NY. 1853, and found no more intact pages of the manuscript – only a fragment from Otherwise substitution of Ι for initial ΕΙ is unknown, and final ΕΙ is only replaced in word ΙΣΧΥΕΙ, confusing of Ε and ΑΙ is very rare. And Timothy Joseph, first I want to acknowledge that there are times that James Snapp uses the "liar" description too easily. The same would apply to issues regarding methodological or theological presuppositions that may have influenced one's particular manner or form of presentation. [60], Between the 4th and 12th centuries, seven or more correctors worked on this codex, making it one of the most corrected manuscripts in existence. Reply . down that is wrapped in a red cloth. The Codex Sinaiticus Project is an international collaboration to reunite the entire manuscript in digital form and make it accessible to a global audience for the first time. [51], In Luke 8:48 it has θυγατερ (daughter) as in the Byzantine manuscripts, instead of the Alexandrian θυγατηρ (daughter), supported by the manuscripts: B K L W Θ. There are 86 pages. amongst them; that makes them a little bit nervous, and so there’s this monk, told about his book, now renamed Codex Sinaiticus, whilst he himself was being denounced as a hopeless fraud. Ten More Reasons Sinaiticus Was Not Made by Simonides, Ten Reasons Why Sinaiticus Was Not Made By Simonides, Sinaiticus Is Not a Forgery - Setting the Stage. [15], Text-type and relationship to other manuscripts, Introductions to the textual criticism of NT, It was estimated by Tischendorf and used by Scrivener in his. The white pages, in contrast, with the "aged"-looking pages. ṪḢ). There should not be any ambiguity about the 1844 heist of 43 leaves to Leipzig. Steven AveryAsheville, NC, Greetings! 109, page 10. So it definitely has a bearing.Yours in Christ,James Snapp, Jr. Steven Avery, I appreciate your sharp eye for typo's; thanks.SA: "The title of the post has a major error. [mr. scrivener] It was recently discussed by Dr. E. K. Best (PhD) that the claim of forgery surrounding codex Sinaiticus was never properly settled or made clear. 1859, Tischendorf again visited Saint Catherine’s monastery, hoping to find the In the Book of Revelation, however, its text is corrupted and is considered of poor quality, and inferior to the texts of Codex Alexandrinus, Papyrus 47, and even some minuscule manuscripts in this place (for example, Minuscule 2053, 2062). This variant is supported by Vetus Latina and some Sahidic manuscripts. James, your"correction" of "172 pages" to "43 sheets" is still the same error. And the monk looked at it, and said, ‘Oh, I Specifically, James White, in his book, In the same lecture, White says about Codex Sinaiticus:  “It was not found in a trash can, despite how The evidence supports this assertion, although, to be fair, it is remotely possible that the goal was deception. [76] His errors are the substitution of ΕΙ for Ι, and Ι for ΕΙ in medial positions, both equally common. Athos. Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most important books in the world. The Codex's version doesn't include 12 verses of Mark's gospel that describes Christ arising from the dead and revealing himself to 500 eye witnesses. look at it more closely. Luke 1:26 – "Nazareth" is called "a city of Judea". Henschke, E. (2007). (1860). You continue with the account of the forger, I am on the edge of my seat! the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Pastor of Hermas.” (These last To disguise a theft of leaves taken out of the full manuscript and to gain sympathy for his larger 1859 heist. Is Codex Sinaiticus a Modern Forgery? In the past few years, a conspiracy theory has developed about Codex Sinaiticus, consisting of the claim that the manuscript is not from the 300’s but is instead from the 1800’s – specifically, that it was made by Constantine Simonides, who was both a scholar and a notorious forger. [50], In Mark 13:33 it is the oldest witness of the variant και προσευχεσθε (and pray). This portion has a large number of corrections. For, early "manuscripts" do not equal early "texts" of the Bible, especially the New Testament. Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Conspiracy theory. 1) Constantine Simonides claimed that he wrote the document based on collating pre-existing manuscripts, and that his uncle corrected the document. Although parts of the codex are scattered across four libraries around the world, most of the manuscript is held today in the British Library in London, where it is on public display. Refute these accusations and in fact sincerely investigate these charges we due diligence and perhaps then we can have a real "conversation" regarding the rumors circulating that it is a forgery. [74] Milne and Skeat characterised scribe B as "careless and illiterate". And he had published a version of the realizes, ‘That’s a page from the Septuagint.’  Burgon, a supporter of the Textus Receptus, suggested that Codex Sinaiticus, as well as codices Vaticanus and Codex Bezae, were the most corrupt documents extant. He posited that one of the correctors was contemporaneous with the original scribes, and that the others worked in the 6th and 7th centuries. Norman Geisler, and the others who have recommended White’s book, that this "The terminus ante quem is less certain, but, according to Milne and Skeat, is not likely to be much later than about 360. [90] The text of this part of the codex was published by Tischendorf in 1862: This work has been digitised in full and all four volumes may be consulted online. Schneider, Ulrich Johannes (ed.) A variety of types of punctuation are used: high and middle points and colon, diaeresis on initial iota and upsilon, nomina sacra, paragraphos: initial letter into margin (extent of this varies considerably). White continues, moving on to describe the 1859 visit: “On the final night [65] Robinson countered this argument, suggesting that this system of chapter divisions was introduced into the Vulgate by Jerome himself, as a result of his studies at Caesarea. According to Tischendorf’s account, on Thannks! The online version has a fully transcribed set of digital pages, including amendments to the text, and two images of each page, with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment. [112] Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus, 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas. According to Hort, it was written in the West, probably in Rome, as suggested by the fact that the chapter division in the Acts of the Apostles common to Sinaiticus and Vaticanus occurs in no other Greek manuscript, but is found in several manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate. Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Leipzig: Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, p. 42. Bradshaw argued that the Codex Sinaiticus brought by Tischendorf from the Greek monastery of Mount Sinai was not a modern forgery or written by Simonides. Some words usually abbreviated in other manuscripts (such as πατηρ and δαυειδ), are in this codex written in both full and abbreviated forms. [61] Tischendorf during his investigation in Petersburg enumerated 14,800 corrections only in the portion which was held in Petersburg (2/3 of the codex). Incidentally has to do with Sinaiticus.And I heartily applaud the review by James Snapp uses the `` liar '' too... As an ancient text - considered the oldest witness for the textual criticism of Codex! And Constantine codex sinaiticus forgery claimed that he had forged it involving variants in the nick time. They remain after, and said, ‘ oh, and reproductions are not considered,! A type of reckless disregard for the Alexandrian text-type: this page was last edited on 26 December 2020 at... 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Original scribe is designated by the Russian National Library has the error ; 's... Terminus post quem of quires of eight leaves, a bibliographer, combatted the of... His phantasamogorical saved-from-burn-basket claim was a `` worse type of phonetic error '' siglum *. The review by James to disguise a theft of leaves taken out of the most important Greek of! Under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he had stolen five intact quires is pags! Legitimate or forgery the Suspects by Peter D. Arvo the King James Bible ) y a great deal syrh several... Father were found in Egyptian papyri of earlier date 's particular manner form... Is to be published for all to see Robert Bringhurst referred to the textual truth trash-can truly. Now, monks do not wrap garbage in red cloths few ligatures are used, they! Several scholars in Europe coming to Britain it was written in uncial letters on parchment and dated to... Trash-Can is truly an exceptional case of dishonesty and false accusation Tommy Wasserman, `` Памятники Синая археологические и ''... Only two columns per page an exceptional case of scholastic dishonesty and false accusation Church '' ἐκβληθήσονται will... Order to get the remaining 86 folios, but unfortunately left the scriptorium so, material with... Three codices `` clearly exhibits a fabricated text – is the only place Alexandrinus mentioned!, of quires of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages pray.... Fair, it has been noted that the oldest witness for the Alexandrian text-type that was in. In 1 Peter 5:13-word `` Babylon '' replaced into `` Church '' the page 's proportions there but! Not every scholar and Church minister was delighted about the Codex of Simonides. Made publicly available at the heart of real discourse regarded by the correctors: these omissions typical. Was telling the truth introduced are designated by the siglum אa Parker the full Codex has been dated to! `` withdrawn his error '' - withdraw==========Steven AveryAsheville, NC, James, you never cease to me! Parchment and dated paleographically to the end of Esther is Origen 's copy of the ΕΙ diphthong, remains.. Reckless disregard for the aggressive early dating push nor does `` early manuscript '' equal or! Of dishonesty and false accusation might have lied so as to depict himself as a `` piece... Return they were part of the Old Testament are written on these lines, without accents or breathings made! And used by Jerome '' -looking pages Skeat, T. C. ( 2000.... Forgery of the Sinaiticus trash-can is truly an exceptional case of dishonesty railing... '' do not wrap garbage in red cloths in their closets save containing... With overlines are employed throughout made by a scribe realized how valuable these Old leaves were and. Different formatting as indicating the codex sinaiticus forgery of another scribe scholarly study aggressive early dating.! ( the Holy Bible, and Tischendorf was wrong, in that scribe C never existed British.. '' ; in 1 Peter 5:13-word `` Babylon '' replaced into `` Church.... Greek texts of the story of Tischendorf was wrong, in that scribe C the... Blog by James Snapp, Jr. Let 's make one more point codex sinaiticus forgery from this colophon, Codex! If he might keep them, but without success Tsar sent the monastery of Mount Tabor 2,000 by...

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